{
  "dataset": "ComplianceCN cross-border compliance benchmark",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "published_at": "2026-07-06",
  "purpose_en": "20 cross-border product-compliance questions chosen because they are easy to get wrong from parametric memory: scope over-reach, freshness-sensitive dates, jurisdiction confusion, false premises, and responsible-party traps. Each answer is grounded in a primary source and carries the review_status of the underlying dataset item. The point is not that language models are bad — it is that on scope- and freshness-sensitive questions, grounded retrieval with citations beats recall.",
  "purpose_zh": "20道跨境产品合规题，专门挑选了凭模型记忆容易答错的类型：范围夸大、时效性日期、司法辖区混淆、错误前提、责任主体陷阱。每个答案都有官方来源，并标注底层数据的核验状态。重点不是说语言模型差，而是在范围和时效敏感的问题上，带引用的检索胜过记忆。",
  "scoring": "Deterministic: an answer scores correct when it contains all must_include substrings (case-insensitive) and none of the must_not_include substrings. This rewards the specific fact and penalises the specific hallucination. Free-form reasoning around the fact is allowed.",
  "fairness_notes_en": "To reproduce fairly: use current frontier models, well-prompted (allow reasoning, do not sandbag), name the model and date the run. Some questions are freshness-sensitive by design (2024-2027 regulatory phase-ins) — that is the real-world failure mode, not a trick. The gap will narrow as models improve; the durable claim is freshness and citations, not permanent model error.",
  "count": 20,
  "questions": [
    {
      "id": "q01-eu-passport-speaker",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "EU",
      "trap_type": "scope_overreach",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "A Chinese seller ships a Bluetooth speaker with a built-in lithium-ion battery to Germany. Does the EU battery passport apply to this product from 18 February 2027?",
      "question_zh": "中国卖家向德国销售内置锂离子电池的蓝牙音箱。2027年2月18日起，欧盟电池护照是否适用于该产品？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. The battery passport (Reg (EU) 2023/1542 Art. 77) applies only to LMT batteries, industrial batteries above 2 kWh, and EV batteries. A portable battery in a consumer speaker is out of scope. It still faces other obligations (CE, labelling, end-user removability).",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不适用。电池护照（法规2023/1542第77条）仅适用于LMT电池、2千瓦时以上的工业电池和电动汽车电池。消费音箱中的便携式电池不在范围内，但仍需履行其他义务（CE、标签、用户可拆卸性）。",
      "must_include": [
        "2 kwh"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "passport applies to this product",
        "passport is required for this",
        "passport does apply"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Seizes on the headline '2027 battery passport' date and asserts it applies to all batteries, missing the LMT/industrial>2kWh/EV scope enumeration.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Art. 77(1)",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj",
        "dataset_ref": "rule:eu-battery-passport-scope; timeline:bat-reg-passport",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q02-eu-red-vs-lvd",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "EU",
      "trap_type": "scope",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "question_en": "A USB desk lamp with no wireless functionality is sold in the EU. Does it need assessment under the Radio Equipment Directive 2014/53/EU?",
      "question_zh": "一款无任何无线功能的USB台灯在欧盟销售。是否需要按《无线电设备指令》2014/53/EU评估？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. RED applies to radio equipment. Without a radio transmitter the product falls under the EMC Directive 2014/30/EU and, within its voltage scope, the Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU — not RED.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不需要。RED适用于无线设备。无无线发射功能的产品适用《电磁兼容指令》2014/30/EU，并在电压范围内适用《低电压指令》2014/35/EU，而非RED。",
      "must_include": [
        "emc"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "needs red",
        "red is required",
        "requires red",
        "must comply with the radio equipment directive"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Applies RED to any electronic device with a plug, not distinguishing radio from non-radio equipment.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "RED 2014/53/EU Art. 1(4), Art. 3; EMC 2014/30/EU",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014L0053",
        "dataset_ref": "rule:eu-lvd-emc-when-no-radio",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q03-un383-alkaline",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "US",
      "trap_type": "false_premise",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "question_en": "A wall clock powered only by replaceable alkaline AA batteries is shipped to the US. Does it require a UN 38.3 test summary for transport?",
      "question_zh": "一款仅用可更换碱性AA电池的挂钟运往美国。运输是否需要UN 38.3测试摘要？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. UN 38.3 applies to lithium cells and batteries. Alkaline batteries are not lithium, so UN 38.3 is not triggered by the declared battery type (re-check if any lithium button cell is present).",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不需要。UN 38.3适用于锂电芯和锂电池。碱性电池不是锂电池，因此按所申报电池类型不触发UN 38.3（如含锂纽扣电池请重新核对）。",
      "must_include": [
        "no",
        "lithium"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "un 38.3 is required",
        "requires un 38.3",
        "needs un38.3"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Treats UN 38.3 as a blanket 'batteries need transport testing' rule and applies it to non-lithium chemistries.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "49 CFR 173.185(a)(1); UN Manual of Tests and Criteria 38.3",
        "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/section-173.185",
        "dataset_ref": "rule:un383-na-when-no-lithium",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q04-eu-removability-date",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "EU",
      "trap_type": "freshness",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "From what date must portable batteries in appliances be removable and replaceable by the end user under the EU Battery Regulation?",
      "question_zh": "根据欧盟电池法规，器具中的便携式电池自何日起须可由最终用户拆卸和更换？",
      "correct_answer_en": "18 February 2027 (Art. 11, per the application date set in Art. 96(2)(a)).",
      "correct_answer_zh": "2027年2月18日（第11条，适用日期见第96(2)(a)条）。",
      "must_include": [
        "18 february 2027"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [],
      "failure_mode_en": "Gives a vague 'from 2027' or an incorrect date; Article 11 itself states no date, so a model that doesn't reach Art. 96(2)(a) guesses.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Art. 11 via Art. 96(2)(a)",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj",
        "dataset_ref": "timeline:bat-reg-removability",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q05-eu-qr-vs-label-date",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "EU",
      "trap_type": "freshness",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "Under the EU Battery Regulation, do the general battery label requirement and the QR-code requirement start on the same date?",
      "question_zh": "根据欧盟电池法规，电池一般标签要求和二维码要求是否同一天生效？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. The general information label (Art. 13(1)-(3)) starts 18 August 2026 at the earliest; the QR code (Art. 13(6)) starts 18 February 2027. They are separate obligations with separate dates.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不同。一般信息标签（第13(1)-(3)条）最早2026年8月18日生效；二维码（第13(6)条）2027年2月18日生效。两者是不同义务，日期不同。",
      "must_include": [
        "no",
        "2026",
        "2027"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "same date",
        "same time"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Collapses all Article 13 obligations onto one date, missing that label (2026) and QR (2027) differ.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Art. 13(1)-(3) and Art. 13(6)",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj",
        "dataset_ref": "timeline:bat-reg-labelling, timeline:bat-reg-qr-code",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q06-eu-due-diligence-threshold",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "EU",
      "trap_type": "scope",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "A small Chinese seller with EUR 3 million annual turnover places batteries on the EU market. Must it implement a battery due-diligence policy under Reg (EU) 2023/1542?",
      "question_zh": "一家年营业额300万欧元的中国小卖家在欧盟市场投放电池。是否须依法规2023/1542建立电池尽职调查政策？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No, not directly. The due-diligence chapter (Art. 48, from 18 August 2025) applies to economic operators with net turnover of at least EUR 40 million; below that threshold the operator is out of scope under Art. 47 — though upstream suppliers may not be exempt.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "直接义务上不需要。尽职调查章节（第48条，2025年8月18日起）适用于净营业额达4000万欧元及以上的经营者；根据第47条，低于该门槛不适用——但上游供应商未必豁免。",
      "must_include": [
        "40 million"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [],
      "failure_mode_en": "States due diligence applies to all operators, missing the EUR 40 million turnover threshold in Art. 47.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Art. 47-48",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj",
        "dataset_ref": "timeline:bat-reg-due-diligence",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q07-us-toy-astm-version",
      "category": "toys",
      "market": "US",
      "trap_type": "freshness",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "Which version of ASTM F963 is the current mandatory US toy safety standard?",
      "question_zh": "美国现行强制玩具安全标准是ASTM F963的哪个版本？",
      "correct_answer_en": "ASTM F963-23, incorporated by reference via 16 CFR 1250.2.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "ASTM F963-23，经16 CFR 1250.2引用纳入。",
      "must_include": [
        "f963-23"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "f963-17",
        "f963-16",
        "f963-11"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Names an older version (F963-17 or F963-11) from training data, missing the 2023 update becoming mandatory.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "16 CFR 1250.2",
        "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/part-1250",
        "dataset_ref": "record:toys-us",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q08-us-cpc-issuer",
      "category": "toys",
      "market": "US",
      "trap_type": "false_premise",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "question_en": "Who issues the Children's Product Certificate (CPC) for a toy imported into the US — the CPSC, or the manufacturer/importer?",
      "question_zh": "输美玩具的儿童产品证书(CPC)由谁出具——CPSC还是制造商/进口商？",
      "correct_answer_en": "The manufacturer or importer issues the CPC (based on passing third-party test results). The CPSC does not issue it.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "由制造商或进口商出具CPC（基于合格的第三方测试结果）。CPSC不出具该证书。",
      "must_include": [
        "importer"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "cpsc issues",
        "issued by the cpsc",
        "cpsc will issue"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Assumes a government agency issues the certificate, as with many other countries' schemes.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "CPSIA; CPSC Children's Product Certificate guidance",
        "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Testing-Certification/childrens-product-certificate",
        "dataset_ref": "record:toys-us",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q09-us-toy-tracking-label",
      "category": "toys",
      "market": "US",
      "trap_type": "scope",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "question_en": "For a US children's product, is a tracking label on the packaging alone sufficient?",
      "question_zh": "输美儿童产品的追溯标签，仅印在包装上是否足够？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. The permanent tracking label must appear on the product AND its packaging, to the extent practicable.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不足够。永久性追溯标签须在可行范围内同时出现在产品本体和包装上。",
      "must_include": [
        "no",
        "product"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "packaging alone is sufficient",
        "packaging is enough"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Says packaging labelling suffices, missing the product-and-packaging requirement.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "CPSIA section 103; CPSC tracking label guidance",
        "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Tracking-Label",
        "dataset_ref": "record:toys-us",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q10-au-button-battery-scope",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "AU",
      "trap_type": "scope",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "Australia's mandatory button/coin battery standards — do they apply only to toys, or to any consumer good containing button/coin batteries?",
      "question_zh": "澳大利亚强制纽扣电池标准——只适用于玩具，还是适用于所有含纽扣电池的消费品？",
      "correct_answer_en": "Any consumer good containing button/coin batteries — not only toys. Remote controls, electronic gifts, scales etc. are all in scope.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "适用于所有含纽扣电池的消费品，不限于玩具。遥控器、电子礼品、秤等都在范围内。",
      "must_include": [
        "any consumer good"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "applies only to toys",
        "limited to toys",
        "just to toys"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Assumes button-battery rules are a toy-safety subtopic and limits scope to toys.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "ACCC button and coin battery mandatory standards",
        "url": "https://www.productsafety.gov.au/product-safety-laws/safety-standards-bans/mandatory-standards/button-and-coin-batteries",
        "dataset_ref": "rule:au-button-batteries-when-coin",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q11-ni-vs-gb",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "UK",
      "trap_type": "jurisdiction_confusion",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "Does Great Britain guidance (UKCA or CE, GB rules) apply unchanged to placing goods on the market in Northern Ireland?",
      "question_zh": "适用于大不列颠的规则（UKCA或CE、GB规则）是否原样适用于在北爱尔兰投放商品？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. Northern Ireland follows EU rules (CE, or CE + UKNI where a UK notified body is used). GB and NI are distinct regimes; a GB/NI split shipment must be handled separately.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不适用。北爱尔兰适用欧盟规则（CE，或使用英国公告机构时CE+UKNI）。大不列颠与北爱尔兰是不同制度，混发货件须分开处理。",
      "must_include": [
        "no",
        "eu rules"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "same as great britain",
        "ni follows gb",
        "applies unchanged"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Treats 'UK' as one market, missing the NI/GB regulatory split from the Windsor Framework.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "UK OPSS UKCA guidance; NI Protocol/Windsor Framework",
        "url": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/using-the-ukca-marking",
        "dataset_ref": "record:toys-uk, record:battery-electronics-uk",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q12-uk-cpnp-scpn",
      "category": "cosmetics",
      "market": "UK",
      "trap_type": "jurisdiction_confusion",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "Can a cosmetics seller reuse an existing EU CPNP notification to sell the same product in Great Britain?",
      "question_zh": "化妆品卖家能否沿用已有的欧盟CPNP通报，在大不列颠销售同一产品？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. GB requires a separate notification via the OPSS Submit Cosmetic Product Notifications (SCPN) service, plus a UK Responsible Person. EU CPNP notifications do not carry over.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不能。大不列颠须通过OPSS的SCPN系统单独通报，并指定英国责任人。欧盟CPNP通报不能沿用。",
      "must_include": [
        "no",
        "scpn"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "can reuse",
        "cpnp is valid in",
        "carries over"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Assumes post-Brexit continuity and treats the EU CPNP notification as valid for GB.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "UK Cosmetics Regulation; OPSS SCPN service",
        "url": "https://www.gov.uk/guidance/making-cosmetic-products-available-to-consumers-in-great-britain",
        "dataset_ref": "record:cosmetics-uk",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q13-eu-cosmetics-animal-testing",
      "category": "cosmetics",
      "market": "EU",
      "trap_type": "false_premise",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "A cosmetic formula was animal-tested to satisfy a Chinese registration requirement. Can it be placed on the EU market on the basis of that testing?",
      "question_zh": "某化妆品配方为满足中国注册要求做过动物实验。能否凭该实验数据在欧盟市场上市？",
      "correct_answer_en": "This is a conflict: the EU animal-testing ban (Reg (EC) 1223/2009 Art. 18) prohibits placing on the market cosmetics whose ingredients or final product were animal-tested for cosmetic purposes. Testing done to meet another market's requirement can trigger the ban — verify with a specialist.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "存在冲突：欧盟动物实验禁令（法规1223/2009第18条）禁止将成分或成品为化妆品目的做过动物实验的产品投放市场。为满足他国要求所做的实验可能触发禁令——请咨询专家核实。",
      "must_include": [
        "ban"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "yes, it can be placed",
        "no problem",
        "freely allowed",
        "can be used freely"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Treats animal-test data as universally usable, missing the EU-specific market-placement ban and the China-registration conflict.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "Regulation (EC) 1223/2009, Art. 18",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009R1223",
        "dataset_ref": "record:cosmetics-eu",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q14-us-spf-mocra",
      "category": "cosmetics",
      "market": "US",
      "trap_type": "scope",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "Is an SPF 30 moisturiser regulated as a cosmetic under MoCRA in the US?",
      "question_zh": "一款SPF 30保湿霜在美国是否按MoCRA下的化妆品监管？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. A sunscreen/SPF claim makes it an OTC drug in the US, a separate and heavier regime than MoCRA cosmetics. MoCRA cosmetic obligations do not substitute for OTC drug requirements.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不是。防晒/SPF宣称使其在美国成为OTC药品，是比MoCRA化妆品更严格的独立监管路径。MoCRA化妆品义务不能替代OTC药品要求。",
      "must_include": [
        "no",
        "otc drug"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "yes, it is a cosmetic",
        "regulated as a cosmetic"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Classifies an SPF product as a cosmetic because it looks like skincare, missing the OTC-drug reclassification.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "FD&C Act; FDA OTC sunscreen monograph; MoCRA",
        "url": "https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/modernization-cosmetics-regulation-act-2022-mocra",
        "dataset_ref": "record:cosmetics-us",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q15-au-sunscreen-tga",
      "category": "cosmetics",
      "market": "AU",
      "trap_type": "jurisdiction_confusion",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "In Australia, is a primary sunscreen regulated by AICIS as a cosmetic, or by the TGA?",
      "question_zh": "在澳大利亚，主打防晒产品由AICIS按化妆品监管，还是由TGA监管？",
      "correct_answer_en": "By the TGA. Primary sunscreens are therapeutic goods requiring TGA listing (AUST L), not ordinary cosmetics under AICIS.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "由TGA监管。主打防晒产品属治疗用品，须TGA注册（AUST L），而非AICIS下的普通化妆品。",
      "must_include": [
        "tga"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "regulated by aicis as a cosmetic",
        "aicis as a cosmetic"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Applies the AICIS cosmetics-as-industrial-chemicals framework to sunscreens, missing the TGA carve-out.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "Therapeutic Goods Act; TGA sunscreens",
        "url": "https://www.tga.gov.au/products/sunscreens",
        "dataset_ref": "record:cosmetics-au",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q16-us-fda-certified-food-contact",
      "category": "food-contact",
      "market": "US",
      "trap_type": "false_premise",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "question_en": "Is there an official 'FDA certified' certificate for a food-contact plastic container sold in the US?",
      "question_zh": "输美食品接触塑料容器是否存在官方的'FDA认证'证书？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. The FDA does not certify food-contact articles. Compliance is substance-by-substance against 21 CFR 174-190 (authorised additive, FCN, or GRAS). Claiming 'FDA certified' is itself misleading.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不存在。FDA不对食品接触制品发证。合规性按物质逐一对照21 CFR 174-190（获批添加剂、FCN或GRAS）。声称'FDA认证'本身即属误导。",
      "must_include": [
        "does not certify"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "is fda certified",
        "obtain fda certification",
        "fda-certified",
        "yes, fda certifies"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Invents an 'FDA certified' certificate, echoing common but false seller marketing language.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "21 CFR 174-190; FDA food-contact substance program",
        "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B",
        "dataset_ref": "record:food-contact-us",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q17-eu-bamboo-melamine",
      "category": "food-contact",
      "market": "EU",
      "trap_type": "false_premise",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "Can 'bamboo-fibre' melamine tableware (plastic filled with bamboo/plant fibre) be legally sold as food-contact ware in the EU?",
      "question_zh": "'竹纤维'密胺餐具（掺入竹/植物纤维的塑料）能否作为食品接触器具在欧盟合法销售？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. Bamboo/plant-fibre-filled plastics are not authorised food-contact materials under Reg (EU) 10/2011 and are effectively banned; they are a frequent RASFF notification and return cause.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不能。掺入竹/植物纤维的塑料不是法规10/2011下获批的食品接触材料，实际上被禁止，是RASFF通报和退运的高频原因。",
      "must_include": [
        "no",
        "not authorised"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "yes, it can be sold",
        "legally sold",
        "is permitted"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Assumes 'natural bamboo' framing is compliant/eco-friendly, missing that the plastic composite is not an authorised FCM.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "Regulation (EU) 10/2011; EU RASFF enforcement",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011R0010",
        "dataset_ref": "record:food-contact-eu",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q18-us-fcc-sdoc-responsible-party",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "US",
      "trap_type": "responsible_party",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "A digital device without radio uses the FCC Supplier's Declaration of Conformity (SDoC). Does it still need a US-based responsible party?",
      "question_zh": "一款无无线功能的数字设备走FCC供应商符合性声明(SDoC)。是否仍需美国境内责任方？",
      "correct_answer_en": "Yes. The FCC SDoC procedure requires a responsible party located in the United States, even though it is a self-declaration route with no FCC ID.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "需要。FCC的SDoC程序要求有位于美国境内的责任方，尽管它是无需FCC ID的自我声明路径。",
      "must_include": [
        "yes",
        "responsible party"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "no us party needed",
        "no responsible party is required",
        "does not need a us"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Assumes a self-declaration route has no territorial party requirement, missing the US-located responsible-party rule.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "FCC Part 15; 47 CFR 2.909 / SDoC responsible party",
        "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-15",
        "dataset_ref": "rule:us-fcc-sdoc-when-no-radio",
        "review_status": "partially_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q19-eu-gpsr-responsible-person",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "EU",
      "trap_type": "scope",
      "difficulty": "high",
      "question_en": "Since December 2024, can a non-EU seller list a consumer product on an EU marketplace without any EU-established economic operator?",
      "question_zh": "自2024年12月起，非欧盟卖家能否在没有任何欧盟境内经济经营者的情况下，在欧盟电商平台上架消费产品？",
      "correct_answer_en": "No. Under the GPSR (Reg (EU) 2023/988), a product may not be placed on the market without an EU-established responsible economic operator whose details accompany the product; marketplaces enforce this and delist non-compliant listings.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "不能。根据GPSR（法规2023/988），无欧盟境内负责经济经营者（其信息须随附产品）的产品不得投放市场；平台会执行并下架不合规listing。",
      "must_include": [
        "no",
        "economic operator"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "yes, no operator",
        "not required",
        "can list without"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Misses that the GPSR (applicable Dec 2024) made an EU-established responsible person a listing prerequisite.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "Regulation (EU) 2023/988 (GPSR)",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/988/oj",
        "dataset_ref": "record:battery-electronics-eu",
        "review_status": "partially_checked"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "q20-eu-battery-ce-separate",
      "category": "battery-electronics",
      "market": "EU",
      "trap_type": "scope",
      "difficulty": "medium",
      "question_en": "Under the EU Battery Regulation, does the battery itself require CE marking separately from the CE marking of the device it powers?",
      "question_zh": "根据欧盟电池法规，电池本身是否需要独立于整机之外单独加贴CE标志？",
      "correct_answer_en": "Yes. From 18 August 2024, the battery placed on the EU market requires its own conformity assessment and CE marking, separate from the device's CE marking.",
      "correct_answer_zh": "需要。自2024年8月18日起，投放欧盟市场的电池须完成自身的符合性评估并加贴CE标志，独立于整机的CE标志。",
      "must_include": [
        "yes",
        "separate"
      ],
      "must_not_include": [
        "no separate",
        "only the device",
        "device ce is enough"
      ],
      "failure_mode_en": "Assumes the device's CE marking covers the battery, missing the battery's own CE obligation from 2024.",
      "grounding": {
        "source": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1542, Art. 17-20, Chapter VI; Art. 96(2)(b)",
        "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj",
        "dataset_ref": "timeline:bat-reg-ce-marking",
        "review_status": "source_checked"
      }
    }
  ]
}